They seemed like caring, trustworthy men: military officers and government officials chatting on an app dedicated to studying the words of Chinese President and Communist Party leader Xi Jinping.
But they had other intentions.
In recent months, local media and public security bureaus across China have reported a surge of mostly men targeting women in romance scams using Study Xi, Strong Nation, an app created by the Communist Party’s propaganda department in 2019 to promote study of “Xi Jinping Thought.”
The scammers duped victims by claiming their official positions prevented them from using social media or normal dating apps. Instead, they chatted daily on Study Xi, Strong Nation, where many civil servants, teachers, employees of state-owned companies and bureaucrats have been required to score points by studying “Xi Jinping Thought.”
After gaining the confidence of mostly middle-aged, single women, the Study Xi scammers would lure their targets into lucrative investment schemes on shady online platforms. In some cases, the victims transferred millions of RMB (the official currency of China) before realizing they’d been tricked, according to a report from Zhejiang province that has since been deleted.
A Chinese woman looks at her mobile phone as she stands under a QR code.
(Kevin Frayer / Getty Images)
The government has tried to erase such revelations. Similar media and police reports of Study Xi scams in Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Shanghai, Shandong and Hubei have been censored.
“When a scamming gang sets its sights on Study Xi, Strong Nation, a new script appears on the pig-slaughter plate,” said a police officer in a video warning about the scams. He was using Chinese slang in which unwitting victims are compared to pigs slowly fattened with trust, then suddenly led to the slaughter.
It is an ironic, if embarrassing, twist in the story of a digital indoctrination app that has been called the Xi-era version of Mao Zedong’s Little Red Book — a tool of ideological control that has been subverted for sinister purposes. It underscores a broader online and telephone fraud problem that also has worrying implications for privacy as police expand surveillance of cellphones.
This photo illustratration taken on Feb. 20, 2019, shows a phone app called “Xuexi Qiangguo” or “Study to make China strong” with an image of China’s President Xi Jinping in Beijing.
(Greg Baker/AFP via Getty Images)
The Xi app gamified study of the president’s teachings, awarding points for frequent log-ins, time spent reading and watching videos of Xi’s speeches, and for taking quizzes on “Xi Jinping Thought.” Scores were kept in competition on public leaderboards that sometimes became part of employees’ work performance reviews.
It soon became the most-downloaded app in China, drawing international media attention for its coercion of performed patriotism as well as its surveillance potential. A security 2019 audit by the Open Technology Fund found that Study Xi contained code amounting to a digital backdoor that essentially allowed “complete administrator-level access to a user’s phone.”
The app was also sending detailed daily logs of user activity and could scan phones to find other apps, including foreign ones like WhatsApp, Kakao Talk, Facebook Messenger and Skype.
Having such international phone apps has led to harsh consequences, notably in China’s far western Xinjiang region, where Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities found with them through intense police surveillance have been detained in “re-education” camps. Many had committed no crimes.
Such treatment has so far not extended to the Han Chinese majority outside of Xinjiang. But contact with foreign websites and overseas networks has already become a red flag in China’s battle against digital fraud. According to a 2020 report on countering digital fraud by the China Academy for Information and Communications Technology, a government think tank that reports to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, more than 95% of digital scammers contact their targets from IP addresses outside of mainland China.
Many scammers belong to Chinese organized crime networks based in Southeast Asia, said a police officer from Hunan who had made online videos warning of the Xi app scams. He asked not to use his name because he did not have permission to speak with media. These Mandarin-speaking networks are involved not only in digital scams, he said, but also online gambling, drug and wildlife trafficking, and other kinds of illicit activity.
A Chinese commuter looks at his mobile phone as he waits at a bus stop on Sept. 21, 2020, in Beijing.
(Kevin Frayer / Getty Images)
In April, around the same time reports of the Study Xi scams emerged, Xi Jinping himself called for a crackdown on telecom and online fraud. A new app quickly became China’s No. 1 download: National Anti-Fraud Center, produced by the Ministry of Public Security’s criminal investigation department that purportedly protects users from scammers by screening their messages, calls and other apps.
Launched in March, the anti-fraud app has been downloaded 178 million times on Android and an unknown number of times on iOS, which doesn’t display a download count. It has more than 35,000 mostly negative reviews on China’s App Store, many of them complaining that they were coerced to install the app by their workplaces, schools, local police and even vaccine administrators.
“While receiving a vaccine in Shenzhen they said I couldn’t get the vaccine if I didn’t download the anti-fraud app!!!” wrote a reviewer April 2. “This isn’t even a health bureau app. This kind of download by violence really leaves me speechless.”
“Truly a terrible experienced of forcible promotion, especially when kindergarten teachers make this a task for parents and demand that they send screenshots of the download… This feeling is too disgusting!” wrote a user June 3.
Many others complained that the anti-fraud app was slow, took up large amounts of memory, demanded too many permissions and did not protect their phones from receiving scammers’ calls.
The public security department in charge of countering fraud did not answer multiple phone calls from The Times. But Chinese state media have reported on officials and police enforcing anti-fraud app downloads.
In Guangdong’s Qingyuan city, 300 Communist Party officials partnered with police and neighborhood workers to knock on doors and promote the anti-fraud app home-by-home, according to state media. In Shanghai, police used more carrot than stick, bringing three police dogs to a plaza and offering passersby a chance to pet them if they downloaded the anti-fraud app.
The promotion of the app comes amid a state crackdown on tech companies over digital privacy concerns. In May, China implemented new regulations that defined for the first time what personal information was “necessary” for apps to collect and outlawed excessive data collection. Within a few weeks, regulators had taken 90 apps offline for “irregular collection of personal information,” including apps made by some of China’s most powerful tech companies.
The police anti-fraud app seems to do exactly what the government is trying to stop tech companies from doing. It requires that users submit their phone number, real name, ID number, home address and facial recognition data. It also requires access to the device’s contacts, messages, apps, photos, visited websites, music, videos, recordings, social media accounts, transactions, calls, microphone, camera, screenshots, location and storage.
While China’s fraud problems are real, many reviewers of the anti-fraud app are questioning whether the true intention of the app is protection or surveillance — or just another example of incompetent “formalism” among Chinese bureaucrats eager to meet performance quotas by producing high download numbers.
From that perspective, whether the app actually lowers fraud matters less than the illusion of many users joining an anti-fraud campaign, just as whether people truly believe in “Xi Jinping Thought” mattered less than having millions of users score points on Xi quizzes every day.
Meanwhile, reviews of the anti-fraud app have continued to pour in, many of them just one sarcastic line echoing comments posted on the Xi app two years ago: “This is a voluntary download.”
Ziyu Yang of The Times’ Beijing bureau contributed to this report.
