WASHINGTON — One hacked the computers of business rivals. One bribed doctors to win referrals for his nursing homes.
Another fled the country while he was on trial for his role in a fraud that siphoned $450 million from an insurance company, leading to its collapse. Still another ran a Ponzi scheme that plunged a synagogue into foreclosure.
Each won clemency from President Donald J. Trump.
They also had something else in common, an investigation by The New York Times found. The efforts to seek clemency for these wealthy or well-connected people benefited from their social, political, or financial ties to a loose collection of lawyers, lobbyists, activists and Orthodox Jewish leaders who had worked with Trump administration officials on criminal justice legislation championed by Jared Kushner.
That network revolved around a pair of influential Jewish organizations that focus on criminal justice issues — the Aleph Institute and Tzedek Association — and well-wired people working with them, including the lawyer Alan M. Dershowitz, Brett Tolman, a former U.S. attorney for Utah, and Nick Muzin, a Republican operative.
The combination of access, influence and substantive expertise they brought to bear produced striking results.
Of the 238 total pardons and commutations granted by Mr. Trump during his term, 27 went to people supported by Aleph, Tzedek and the lawyers and lobbyists who worked with them. At least six of those 27 went to people who had been denied clemency through the official Justice Department process during the Obama administration.
Over the years, at least four of those who received clemency or their families had donated to Aleph. Others or their allies and families had retained people like Mr. Dershowitz, who represented Mr. Trump in his first impeachment trial, Mr. Tolman and Mr. Muzin to press their cases before the Trump administration, often working in parallel with Aleph and Tzedek, according to public records and interviews.
The groups were not the only ones who had success with Mr. Trump. Alice Marie Johnson, an advocate for fairer sentencing who had her own drug conviction pardoned by Mr. Trump, was credited by the White House for championing 13 clemency grants, many of which went to drug offenders and African-American defendants given disproportionately long prison terms.
While Aleph worked with Ms. Johnson on some clemency cases — including for people convicted of nonviolent drug crimes — Aleph, Tzedek and their allies stood out for their success at winning clemency for white-collar offenders who had left a damaging trail of fraud in their wake. The majority of those who won clemency with their help had been convicted of financial crimes.
It was a new chapter especially for Aleph, which has long worked on behalf of people facing dire situations in the criminal justice system. Aleph has for years appealed for more lenient sentencing rules and pressed judges to reduce jail time in individual cases, while providing social and religious services to prisoners and their families. It only began seeking presidential clemencies during the Obama administration — and failed to secure any such grants until Mr. Trump took office.
The leaders of Aleph, Tzedek and their allies played a role in helping build support for a sweeping rewrite of federal sentencing laws in 2018, winning bipartisan praise and bolstering their clout in the administration.
Mr. Kushner, Mr. Trump’s son-in-law, spearheaded the sentencing overhaul effort in the White House, and also helped oversee the clemency process. He had become interested in criminal justice and developed ties to members of the loose network of allies on the issue after his father, Charles Kushner, was sentenced in 2005 to two years in prison for tax evasion, witness tampering and lying to the Federal Election Commission.
When Charles Kushner, a donor to Aleph, received a pardon from Mr. Trump in December, the White House cited Mr. Tolman’s support for the decision.
While Mr. Obama issued nearly 1,700 more clemency grants than Mr. Trump, he selected mostly cases that came through a Justice Department process for identifying and vetting recipients.
The overwhelming majority of Mr. Trump’s pardons and commutations bypassed that process, and were instead awarded through an ad hoc system run by a handful of White House aides, with assistance from outside advisers.
In the world of criminal defense lawyers and clemency seekers, Aleph, Tzedek and the people working alongside them came to be seen as among the most effective avenues to clemency, including for financial crimes of the sort that are usually less likely to garner support from criminal justice activists.
A spokesman for Aleph said the group selected candidates based on factors including humanitarian concerns, clear demonstrations of remorse and its commitment to addressing what it often sees as excessively long sentences.
He acknowledged that Aleph had accepted donations from people whose clemencies its officials later supported to one degree or another, but said the group did its clemency work at no cost, and would not accept donations from people while working on their clemencies. In two cases in which the White House credited Aleph with supporting clemency grants to people who had donated to the group, the spokesman said rabbis at Aleph merely expressed support for the petition.
Those donations represented a tiny fraction of its overall budget, which totaled nearly $6.9 million for the 12 months ending in fall 2019, the spokesman said, adding that neither money nor religious affiliation played any role in its decisions about clemency cases.
Aleph minimized its connection to Tzedek’s clemency work and said it was misleading to describe the organizations as part of a clemency network, while noting that clemency was only a small part of the group’s work.
“Over the course of 40 years, Aleph has served as a lifeline for more than 30,000 people — the vast majority of whom are indigent — through dozens of programs” provided to them free of charge, Aleph’s founder, Rabbi Sholom D. Lipskar, said in a statement.
Moshe Margaretten, an Orthodox rabbi who founded Tzedek, said most of those it sought clemency for were nonviolent drug offenders. He cited humanitarian reasons like illness and family considerations for backing the successful clemency requests of two men serving lengthy sentences for financial crimes.
Activists who lobby for sentencing leniency and clemency for nonviolent drug offenders have praised the efforts of Aleph and Tzedek. But some of those activists said that the network’s support for wealthy or well-connected fraudsters exacerbated the inequity that pervaded clemency decisions under Mr. Trump.
Ari Weisbrot, a New Jersey litigator, said he had seen both sides. The humanitarian work Aleph did in prisons, Mr. Weisbrot said, was overshadowed by the advocacy it offered to people like Eliyahu Weinstein, who was convicted of running a Ponzi scheme that stole millions of dollars from clients represented by Mr. Weisbrot — money that has never been returned.
Aleph had sought leniency for Mr. Weinstein at his sentencing in 2014. When Mr. Trump commuted Mr. Weinstein’s 24-year sentence in January, the White House credited Mr. Tolman, Mr. Dershowitz and the Tzedek Association as well as an array of lawmakers and activists for the decision.
“I have dealt with groups like Aleph in other situations where they have been amazing and unbelievably helpful,” Mr. Weisbrot said. “But once you turn from helping people who need help to helping people who have proven themselves unworthy of help, you are no longer a public service, but rather an instrument that enables wrongdoing.”
A Religious Mission and Powerful Patrons
The Aleph Institute, which takes its name from the first letter in the Hebrew alphabet, was established by Rabbi Lipskar, an adherent of the Chabad-Lubavitch group of Hasidic Jews, in Surfside, Fla., in the early 1980s at the direction of the movement’s leader at the time, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson.
Rabbi Schneerson taught that incarceration is inhumane, and worse than death in certain respects, because it deprived prisoners of the ability to contribute to society, though he acknowledged the need to incarcerate people who were dangerous to others.
Aleph has worked for years to limit jail time in specific cases.
Some of that work has drawn criticism from crime victims, legal experts and some prosecutors.
Aleph urged a judge to impose an intensive program of “rehabilitative public service” — rather than a lengthy prison sentence — for Sheldon Silver, the disgraced former leader of the New York State Assembly and one of the country’s most prominent Orthodox elected officials, after Mr. Silver’s conviction on corruption charges.
Rabbi Margaretten of the Tzedek Association would later be among the influential figures who urged Mr. Trump to grant clemency to Mr. Silver; Mr. Trump abandoned plans to do so after reporting by The Times.
Over the years, Aleph also built a powerful network of prominent supporters and allies in the legal world. Its website features testimonials from the former F.B.I. director Louis Freeh and the former attorney general Michael B. Mukasey — both of whom have supported clemency applications brought by the group.
Mr. Dershowitz, one of the country’s best-known criminal defense lawyers, began volunteering his legal services to the group in the 1980s, he said. When Mr. Dershowitz turned 80 in 2018, Aleph reportedly honored him with a star-studded dinner party in Manhattan.
The dinner was underwritten by Harry Adjmi, a wealthy real estate investor; his brother Alex Adjmi, who was convicted of laundering money for a Colombian drug cartel in the 1990s, was among those pardoned by Mr. Trump in January. Aleph said it did not push for Mr. Adjmi’s pardon. Harry Adjmi declined to comment.
“Virtually every clemency case I’ve dealt with, I had some contact with Aleph,” Mr. Dershowitz said.
Mr. Dershowitz also began working with the Tzedek Association in the final weeks of Mr. Trump’s presidency. While he had sought clemencies under several presidents, Mr. Dershowitz had more success under Mr. Trump than under every past president combined.
The Kushner Connection
The Kushner family had longstanding personal connections to the network and the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. Inspired by his father’s case, Jared Kushner became a supporter of sentencing overhaul, reportedly donating to a lobbying effort by Rabbi Margaretten to change federal sentencing laws after meeting with him in 2012.
Rabbi Margaretten later started the Tzedek Association, and retained Mr. Dershowitz, Mr. Muzin and Mr. Tolman as lobbyists. (Mr. Tolman also lobbied for Aleph, which paid him $50,000 last year.)
The Kushner family’s charitable foundation, where Mr. Kushner was a director, donated more than $188,000 to Aleph from 2004 to the end of 2017, according to the foundation’s tax returns. The foundation also donated more than $254,000 — primarily to benefit the needy — to the Shul of Bal Harbour, Rabbi Lipskar’s synagogue in Surfside, which shares an address with the Aleph Institute.
When Mr. Kushner joined the White House, he set to work trying to overhaul federal sentencing laws.
The effort presented Aleph and its like-minded allies with a dual opportunity. They could advance a longtime legislative priority, while also using their access to White House officials to seek individual pardons and commutations.
One of Mr. Trump’s first commutations, in December 2017, went to Sholom Rubashkin, who was convicted in 2009 of bank fraud after hundreds of undocumented immigrant workers were arrested in a raid the year before at the meatpacking plant he oversaw.
While the Obama Justice Department had rejected Mr. Rubashkin’s clemency request, Mr. Kushner advised Mr. Trump to commute his sentence, according to a former White House official, and Mr. Dershowitz personally lobbied Mr. Trump on the case, which also had been championed for years by, among others, Aleph and Rabbi Margaretten.
Mr. Dershowitz said officials in the White House Counsel’s Office told him they had very high regard for Aleph and took its clemency petitions seriously, adding that was why “Aleph probably got more commutations than others.”
Rabbi Margaretten enlisted Mr. Muzin, a former adviser to Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, to push for “clemency for individual prisoners,” as well as changes to sentencing laws, according to lobbying filings. (Mr. Muzin would report receiving $110,000 for the work in 2019 and 2020.)
Mr. Muzin arranged a call for Mr. Dershowitz, Jewish leaders in Texas and others to win support for the White House sentencing overhaul from Mr. Cruz, a key Republican holdout. He came out in support of the bill, known as the First Step Act, which was signed into law by Mr. Trump in late 2018, and led to the release of thousands of nonviolent drug offenders, as well as some white-collar criminals supported by the network.
At the White House Hanukkah party the next year, Mr. Trump called on Rabbi Margaretten to light the menorah, and credited him and an Aleph official, Rabbi Zvi Boyarsky, with helping pass the legislation.
Mr. Muzin, working on behalf of Rabbi Margaretten, and Mr. Dershowitz also pushed for the release of another prisoner, Sholam Weiss, who was convicted in 2000 of siphoning $450 million from an insurance company, leading to its collapse. Mr. Weiss spent more than a year on the run, before being arrested in Austria and extradited to the United States to serve an 845-year sentence.
“The case had been discussed for years in the White House and was a key priority for criminal justice advocate groups, but it had met some resistance and wasn’t moving,” Mr. Muzin said. He brought the request to the White House chief of staff, Mark Meadows.
With hours left in his term, Mr. Trump commuted Mr. Weiss’s sentence, and, when Mr. Weiss was released after serving 18 years in prison, he was greeted by Rabbi Margaretten.
A Murky Intervention
That same day, Mr. Trump also commuted the sentence of Mr. Weinstein, the New Jersey man who stole more than $200 million through elaborate real estate scams. While the official White House announcement credited Mr. Tolman, Mr. Dershowitz, Tzedek and others, Mr. Weinstein also had behind-the-scenes support from players whose motives were less clear.
Most of Mr. Weinstein’s victims were fellow Orthodox Jews, whose traditions of mutual trust and handshake deals he exploited. He paid virtually no restitution to his victims and maintained his innocence up until shortly before his sentencing.
Nevertheless, Rabbi Lipskar, Aleph’s founder, spoke for Mr. Weinstein at his 2014 sentencing, suggesting a punishment of five years’ house arrest.
“House arrest sometimes is worse than prison to some people,” Mr. Lipskar said. A judge disagreed, sentencing Mr. Weinstein to more than 20 years.
Mr. Weinstein still had years to serve when Barry Wachsler, a Long Island businessman, paid Mr. Muzin and a colleague at least $75,000 to begin lobbying the Trump administration for his release. Mr. Wachsler said that after getting to know Mr. Weinstein during visits to the prison where Mr. Weinstein was serving, he grew incensed by what he regarded as Mr. Weinstein’s unfair treatment.
Mr. Wachsler said he became part of a broad group of supporters who worked to help Mr. Weinstein, but said he did not want to name others without permission.
“Collectively, people put together the money and it was paid,” he said.
But Mr. Wachsler acknowledged that one of the people helping out was a friend of his from Long Island named Yitz Grossman, a businessman with his own record of white-collar fraud convictions. Late last year, Mr. Grossman began approaching victims of Mr. Weinstein to see if they would consider writing letters to support his clemency petition.
Ruth Brandt, a Los Angeles philanthropist who lost $1 million to Mr. Weinstein, said that Mr. Grossman presented himself as someone who had served in prison with Mr. Weinstein and believed his lengthy sentence was unjust.
If Ms. Brandt signed a letter supporting Mr. Weinstein’s clemency petition, she said Mr. Grossman told her, supporters of Mr. Weinstein would arrange for her to be paid $100,000. Ms. Brandt ultimately declined the offer.
“I said, ‘Why are you helping him?’” Ms. Brandt recalled.
Later, Ms. Brandt was outraged to learn — from reporting by The Times — that Mr. Dershowitz was also involved in the effort to help Mr. Weinstein win clemency. She emailed him in January to complain.
Mr. Dershowitz defended his work, according to emails viewed by The Times, saying that he had been asked to help Mr. Weinstein and that “In Europe and Israel his sentence would have been 5 years.”
Mr. Grossman also approached Harvey Wolinetz, a developer in New Jersey and Florida from whom Mr. Weinstein stole about $70 million. Describing himself as someone working with the Aleph Institute, Mr. Grossman also suggested that a six-figure restitution could be made if Mr. Wolinetz supported clemency, according to two people briefed on the discussion, who asked for anonymity because they were not authorized to publicly discuss the matter.
Mr. Wolinetz agreed to write a letter to Mr. Trump. In an interview, Mr. Wolinetz, 78, said Mr. Grossman had never broached a specific dollar figure, but said he hoped that with Mr. Weinstein free, “just maybe there’ll be some compensation for me down the road.”
Mr. Grossman, who received support from Aleph while he was imprisoned, denied that he had described himself as representing Aleph or offered money in exchange for the letter. The Aleph spokesman said the group was not involved in Mr. Weinstein’s clemency effort.
“I certainly told people that you have no shot if a person is sitting in the system,” Mr. Grossman said. “Can a person who is incarcerated make restitution?”
The Role of Donations
In some cases, the financial connections between clemency recipients and the network were direct.
After Philip Esformes was charged in 2016 in what prosecutors called the largest health care fraud case charged by the Justice Department, his father, himself a rabbi, donated $65,000 to the Aleph Institute over several years. The father, who also made smaller donations to the Shul of Bal Harbour, said during his son’s sentencing in 2019 that he would make additional contributions to a mental health organization with which Aleph had planned to team up, and at which Mr. Esformes’s lawyers suggested he could perform community service instead of a long prison sentence.
The Aleph spokesman said the donations to the group ended before it began pushing for his son’s clemency. Mr. Trump commuted Mr. Esformes’s sentence just before Christmas.
After Ariel Friedler was released in 2014 from a two-month prison sentence for conspiring to hack into computer systems of competitors of his education software company, he donated to funds at the Shul of Bal Harbour for scholarships and the needy. He also donated to the Aleph Institute and volunteered his time and software management expertise.
An Aleph official wrote to the Florida bar association in 2017 to get Mr. Friedler’s law license reinstated, explaining that Mr. Friedler had recommended changes that had allowed “the organization to grow exponentially,” and later wrote a letter to the White House supporting a pardon for him. When the pardon came, in February 2020, White House officials credited Aleph.
Kenneth P. Vogel reported from Washington, and Nicholas Confessore from New York. Alain Delaquérière contributed research.
