Europe’s vaccine rollout has already been slower than expected. Meanwhile, the continent is confronting a third wave of the pandemic, fueled by variants of the virus.
European heavyweights Germany, France and Italy — all of which have seen a recent surge in coronavirus cases — were among more than a dozen countries to pause their rollout of the OxfordAstraZeneca shot while Europe’s medicines regulator, the European Medical Authority (EMA), investigated the concerns.
The EMA “has come to a clear scientific conclusion. This is a safe and effective vaccine,” executive director Emer Cooke said Thursday. She said the group did not find that the vaccine causes clotting, though it could not definitively out rule out a link to a rare blood clotting disorder.
Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Cyprus and the Netherlands all announced plans to resume AstraZeneca vaccinations, with other countries expected to follow. Milan’s largest vaccine center told CNN it would overbook appointments in an attempt to make up for the shortfalls of the past few days.
But it’s unclear whether the EMA’s findings will do much to assuage public concerns after a torrid week in the EU’s vaccination campaign. Norway, Denmark and Sweden have all said they will keep AstraZeneca vaccinations on hold for now.
While the French health authority green-lit the resumption of the AstraZeneca vaccine rollout on Friday, it recommended its use only for people aged 55 and older, a document sent to CNN shows, based on the fact that “almost all” the reports of blood clots that prompted the suspension involved people under 55.
French Prime Minister Jean Castex, 55, rolled up his sleeve for an AstraZeneca shot Friday in a bid to reassure his compatriots that it was safe, as did UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
But a senior Paris hospitals official, Remi Salomon, said this week that he feared the impact of the AstraZeneca suspension on vaccine confidence in France.
“Maybe people are being overly cautious,” Salomon told BFM TV. “My fear is that we are in France where many people are vaccine hesitant, I’d almost say defiant, I fear people will not interpret this the right way.”
Michael Head, senior research fellow in global health at the University of Southampton in the UK, said the decision to hit pause on AstraZeneca could “have possibly a serious knock-on effect, in terms of vaccine confidence and vaccine hesitancy and uptake beyond that.”
“It takes a while to build up confidence in a vaccine which we [the global health community] did with rigorously conducted trials, with really good safety data, with being open and transparent about what we did and didn’t find,” he told CNN, in an interview conducted before the EMA findings were released.
“When we have widespread withdrawal of the vaccine across multiple countries, in some countries that are quite vaccine-hesitant anyway, it might take a long time to rebuild that confidence.”
There’s then a risk that people may start to favor one vaccine over another and so delay being inoculated to wait for the one they prefer, added Head, despite safety and efficacy data being pretty similar across all the vaccines approved.
“We don’t want to see that happen. I fear we will see it happen. And if people do wait for another vaccine or choose not to take up a vaccine at all, then the pandemic goes on longer than it needs to,” he said. “Obviously you will see more Covid-19 cases and hospitalizations and deaths as a result.”
‘Political football’
WHO’s Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety also said Friday that available data “do not suggest any overall increase in clotting conditions” following vaccination, noting that people naturally develop blood clots, and that Covid-19 infection can also cause them.
The UK stood by the vaccine throughout the furor, as did some other European nations, such as Belgium and Poland, and countries further afield, including South Korea, Malaysia and Canada. Britain’s medicines regulator on Thursday said there was no evidence that blood clots in veins were occurring “more than would be expected in the absence of vaccination” in the UK, where more than 11 million doses of AstraZeneca have been administered.
Studies indicate that vaccination also reduces transmission of the virus, Head said. “So in a highly vaccinated population there will be less transmission. If there’s lower uptake of the vaccine, and lower availability of the vaccine, again you have more Covid-19 than you really need.”
AstraZeneca isn’t the only vaccine available in the EU, which has also authorized the BioNTech-Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines, but it is a key component of the rollout.
Doses of the BioNTech-Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, both more costly and harder to store than the AstraZeneca jab, are currently being rolled out to Europeans, but the first deliveries of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine aren’t expected to arrive until mid-April.
Meanwhile, the AstraZeneca vaccine has become a symbol of division amid the EU’s faltering rollout.
Speaking in Brussels on Wednesday, European Commission President Ursula Von der Leyen blamed AstraZeneca for what she called a “difficult beginning” to the vaccination campaign, saying it “has unfortunately under-produced and under-delivered.”
While she then voiced her “trust” in AstraZeneca, the spectacle has been less than inspiring.
“AstraZeneca has been a bit of a political football over the past few weeks. It’s been a little bit unedifying to see from a scientific perspective,” said Head. “And any delays in getting people vaccinated, any involvement of politics that might delay rollouts and transportation of the vaccines, will hinder uptake and might make it more likely that countries miss their targets.”
The AstraZeneca jab should play a “significant” part in the European Union meeting its target of vaccinating 70% of all adults by September, particularly since it is produced on a large scale in the region, said Head, but it’s hard to know how much leeway was allowed.
“If you can meet your targets then you retain public confidence in the program,” he said. “Any further negative headlines around vaccines generally or around AstraZeneca might not be good for public confidence.”
Rebuilding confidence
Even following the EMA’s conclusion that AstraZeneca is safe and effective, European governments may have a tough job rebuilding confidence in their own populations.
But Germany’s decision Monday to follow the lead of Denmark, Norway and Iceland and others in putting AstraZeneca jabs on hold was another blow. The Health Ministry explained it took the step after seven cases of cerebral vein thrombosis were reported in connection with the AstraZeneca vaccine, three of which were fatal.
A CNN crew who visited a vaccination center at the former Berlin-Tegel Airport on Friday found it fairly empty. Of about 500 inoculations scheduled to take place that day, 137 had been conducted by around noon.
Speaking to CNN on his way in to receive the AstraZeneca vaccine, Jens Bodman said: “I am not sure. I am not a doctor. But I asked my doctor and he said I should do it and I follow his instructions.”
Another recipient, Hannelore Bär, was more confident. “I have no problem with it. None at all,” she said, explaining that the few reports of possible complications did not seem “that significant” in the context of the large numbers who had been vaccinated worldwide.
In France, Health Minister Olivier Veran on Tuesday sought to reassure those who had already received their first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine, saying they “are not in danger.”
But the damage may already have been done. The Elabe/BFM TV poll, for which 1,000 adults were surveyed online between March 15 and 16, suggests French trust is highest in the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine — but even then, only 52% have confidence in it, while 43% have confidence in the Moderna shot.
A large majority of those surveyed believe the vaccination campaign has been badly managed by the government and less than a quarter believe the target of vaccinating all adults by the end of summer will be met.
“We must resume vaccination as quickly as possible,” Michel Chassang, a French primary care physician and president of the Confederation of French Medical Trade Unions, told BFM after the EMA announcement.
“The only way to stop the circulation of this virus is precisely to make sure people are vaccinated,” he said. “It won’t be easy, we will swim against the tide, because this vaccine (has) now got bad press … and even since the start.”
Faced with a “third wave” of infections, the French government announced further restrictions Thursday in 16 areas around the country, including the greater Paris and Nice areas.
Meanwhile, Portugal has presented a tough stance in response to anticipated reluctance to have the AstraZeneca jab. The head of its National Association of Family Health Units warned Friday that anyone who rejected an AstraZeneca vaccine would be sent to the back of the queue.
“Neither the professional nor the patient get to choose the vaccine to be administered,” Association President Diogo Urjais told Portuguese broadcaster TVI. “Patients who reject the vaccine will pass onto the last stage of vaccination, to the end of the line.”
Meanwhile Spain’s Foreign Minister Arancha Gonzalez Laya told CNN on Wednesday that her country’s decision to suspend use of the vaccine for a few days was all about building confidence in its citizens.
‘The damage is done’
Despite such assurances, some EU leaders could find themselves accused of playing politics over the latest crisis, at a potential cost to public health.
Nicola Magrini, head of the Italian Medicines Agency, told Italy’s La Republicca newspaper that the decision to suspend the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine “was a political choice” after several other European nations, including France and Germany, took that step.
In Belgium, which resisted the temptation to join their ranks, senior figures have been outspoken in their criticism of the move.
Leading Belgian virologist Marc van Ranst told CNN he thought the decision to suspend use of the AstraZeneca vaccine was wrong and had “grave consequences” for Europeans’ health. Even if reversed, “the damage is done,” he said. “People who are vaccine-hesitant will not become less vaccine-hesitant when they watch this episode.”
Belgian Health Minister Frank Vandenbroucke gave an even starker warning on VRT Radio 1’s “De ochtend.”
“This waterfall of decisions, this kind of chain reaction, if that is going to repeat itself continuously in the coming months, then yes, our European vaccination campaign itself will be completely dead,” he said.
CNN’s Frederik Pleitgen, Claudia Otto, Saskya Vandoorne, Barbara Wojazer, Vasco Cotovio, Melissa Bell, James Frater, Ben Tinker, Sarah Dean, Maggie Fox, Cyril Vanier, Valentina Di Donato and Sharon Braithwaite contributed to this report.
