Banks Brace for Tougher Rules Under Biden on Consumer Protection, Fair Lending

That would mark a departure from the last time Democrats controlled the White House and Congress at the start of the Obama administration. Early efforts then centered on fighting the crisis, followed by a push to ensure that it would never happen again with the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, the most sweeping financial legislation in a generation.

“Obama looked at how to make the financial system stable,” said

Karen Petrou,

head of Federal Financial Analytics, a regulatory advisory firm. “Biden is looking at, ‘How do we make the banking system just?’ That’s very different.”

In practice, that will translate into tougher rules on payday lenders—who charge high rates of interest on short-term loans—and stronger enforcement of fair-lending requirements, an administration official said. Biden’s team will also push to establish a government-backed consumer credit firm as an alternative to the companies that create credit reports, the official said.

Mr. Biden’s choices for top regulatory posts highlight his push to protect consumers from what some Democrats view as predatory behavior by financial firms.

Rohit Chopra,

currently on the Federal Trade Commission, is the nominee to head the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Michael Barr, a former Treasury Department official who helped craft Dodd-Frank and create the CFPB, is said to be the top candidate to lead the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, which oversees national banks such as

JPMorgan Chase

& Co. and

Bank of America Corp.

“While the Trump-era regulators were not blind to areas like consumer protection, they weren’t at the top of the list of their priorities,” said

Daniel Stipano,

a former top attorney at the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. “They’re going to be back at the top of the list now.”

At the FTC, Mr. Chopra has repeatedly advocated bolder enforcement actions. In 2019, he and another Democratic commissioner objected to a settlement in which

Facebook Inc.

agreed to pay $5 billion following a probe into the tech giant’s privacy missteps, contending it wasn’t tough enough.

Mr. Chopra is seen as likely to step up enforcement actions at the CFPB, with a focus on higher monetary penalties and a crackdown on repeat offenders. Actions fell sharply early in the Trump administration before rising again last year.

He may also revisit a provision, repealed under the Trump administration, requiring so-called payday lenders to verify borrowers’ incomes to ensure they can afford to repay high-interest, short-term loans. He also is expected to boost the power of the bureau arm focused on fair lending.

Republicans in Congress and bankers, who have criticized the CFPB as an instrument of government overreach, are wary of the prospect of yet another swing of the regulatory pendulum.

“The banking industry needs regulations written for years, not election cycles,” said

Richard Hunt,

president and chief executive officer of the Consumer Bankers Association. “The more regulators from both parties can put politics aside, draft regulations with input from all parties and explain their positions, the more Americans can benefit from a well-regulated banking industry.”

Consumer advocates are looking to the Biden administration to ease lending standards that tightened during the pandemic, which they say has disproportionately harmed minorities who tend to have lower credit scores and less cash for down payments, said

Mike Calhoun,

president of the Center for Responsible Lending.

The Biden administration’s focus on racial equity also means banks likely will be required to lend and invest more in low- and moderate-income communities under revamped rules for the Community Reinvestment Act. The OCC and other regulators can block mergers and new branches if banks fail to meet these requirements.

Banks are unlikely to see further easing of rules. During the Trump administration, banks saw some requirements of Dodd-Frank scaled back through legislation that increased a key regulatory threshold at which larger firms are subject to tougher rules.

On the other hand, Treasury Secretary

Janet Yellen

could move to undo Trump administration changes that made it more difficult to subject nonbank financial firms, such as Wall Street money managers, to heightened supervision.

On climate change, Ms. Yellen could work with other regulators to require banks to better assess risks posed by the impact of climate change.

“I think we need to seriously look at assessing the risk to the financial system from climate change,” Ms. Yellen told a Senate panel this month.

Write to Andrew Ackerman at andrew.ackerman@wsj.com and Orla McCaffrey at orla.mccaffrey@wsj.com